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Research: Current projects |
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Montana Board or Research and Commercialization Technology - #09-26 second study
Principal Investigator: Dr Al Cunningham, MSU
We are currently at the end of year one of the two year study.
All work to date has been lab-scale. Field pilot-scale test planned to begin fall 2009. Purpose of column and tank studies is to establish a microbial community and identify bacterial species via DNA analysis. At the current date (8/16/09), the column studies are in the seventh sequential dosing of nutrients to establish repeatability of removal rates of COD and NH4. The tank tests are in the fifth sequential dosing of carbon to establish combined nitrification and denitrification.
Purpose of field pilot test is to quantify nutrient removal rates in a municipal wastewater lagoon.
Wiconisco Township, Dauphin County, PA
Nutrient Uptake in a Lagoon Wastewater Treatment Plant Study
Steve Zeller, Brinjac Engineering Inc. 717-233-4502, Harrisburg, PA
Brinjac Engineering received a grant from the state of Pennsylvania for the application of alternative and innovative processes to remove nutrients from wastewater lagoon treatment plants. The project will measure the efficacy of BioHavens floating islands (three 25x25 islands) installed into the wastewater treatment lagoons in nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. The study will attempt to measure comparable efficacy of BioHavens floating islands relative to more standard wastewater treatment technologies for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and removal. Nutrient removal rates, uptake rates, O&M and construction costs will be examined. Additional benefits from the islands including temperature moderation in the lagoons, algae control and possibly higher vertebrate habitat creation with the islands will be examined as well. Supplemental oxygen is presumed to be needed for this project which will be provide through small solar powered pumps which will recycle wastewater and oxygenate by pumping the water onto the beds.
This is an ongoing study funded 75% by the State of Pennsylvania with a Growing Greener Grant for Innovative and Alternative Wastewater Treatment Processes for Nutrient Removal.
The islands were launched in November 2006.
An additional 200 sf of island was installed in 2009, as well as a Solar Bee pump.
The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research is funded by the government of New Zealand. Dr. Chris Tanner, Dr. Tom Headley and others have worked with Floating Island International's embodiment of floating wetlands for five years. Currently, based on early compelling data, Dr. Tanner is running a study comparing efficacy of Surface Flow, Subsurface Flow and Floating Island wetlands at nutrient mediation of wastewater.
The Rehberg subdivision waste water lagoons, recently annexed by the City of Billings, Montana, is the site of a demonstration project slated for installation this summer. Plans call for an additional on-site test platform that duplicates the NIWA test platform to allow for precise efficacy measurement. The city has also integrated another FII technology innovation, Elevated BioSwales, into a road project. The Swales provide a "leaky dam" function that mediates stormwater events while providing year round water treatment. Rick Leuthold and Cavin Noddings of Sanderson Stewart, based in Billings, are the lead engineers on the BioSwale project. Tim Mulholland, environmental engineer and CEO of Headwaters Floating Island is the lead Rehberg Subdivision demonstration project contact.
A project that included approximately 2,100 square feet of floating island was launched this spring at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. The goal of the project, designed by Jan Schuler of Shaw Environmental, was to reduce both the volume and nutrient load of water flowing through waterfowl exhibits at the Zoo. Schuler incorporated data from the first Montana Research and Commercialization study run by Frank Stewart as well as experiential data accumulated at Zoo Montana, in Billings, Montana, in developing the elegant project design. Using solar powered aeration and strategic positioning of islands as well as perimeter netting the islands represent a classic example of floating emergent wetlands, and also provide a wonderful aesthetic addition to the exhibits. Floating Island Environmental Services of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, handled the launch.
North Carolina Storm Water Study Dr. Bill Hunt. Two ponds in Durham, NC, will be retrofitted with floating wetland islands. These ponds currently have no vegetation growing inside them, like most ponds in North Carolina. Due to tremendous retrofitting pressure that is likely to accompany watershed rules associated with the Jordan Lake reservoir, it is imperative for cities like Durham, Burlington and Greensboro to identify cost effective retrofits. Floating wetland islands do not require any earth moving, nor will they detract from the required storage volume required for wet ponds, because they float. The systems are expected to reduce quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus, but the exact amounts will be determined by field monitoring. Inflows and outflows from both ponds will be monitored for one year at the grant’s outset. Following the baseline monitoring period, floating wetland islands will be installed and monitored for an additional year. Inflows and outflows will be collected at the same locations during both stages of the study to verify the impacts of the floating wetland islands. The ponds will be visited via field tours and highlighted at educational events to disseminate knowledge gained to the design community. If successful, ponds with floating wetland islands could become the most commonly retrofitted BMP type in North Carolina.
The Iron Range region in northeastern Minnesota has provided most of this country's iron, currently in the form of taconite. This is headwater for three major watersheds, the Mississippi, Lake Superior and Hudson Bay in Canada. Maintenance of high water quality is critical and accordingly, wetland recovery of the incredibly deep pits is mandated by our federal government. In such settings, re-creation of wetlands is extremely challenging. Rock and deep water simply don't accommodate conventional constructed wetlands. With a mandate for somewhere between 500 and 600 acres of restored wetland per year, floating islands represent a strategic, cost effective opportunity. Jeff Hanson, environmental engineer for Bro-Tex Inc. of St. Paul, Minnesota, is developing a series of demonstration projects in collaboration with Iron Range Resources and Minnesota Discovery Center. At the same time Hanson and partners from the recycling community are developing what may be the lowest cost embodiment of floating islands, using recycled polypropylene as the base material for islands.
Josh Clark of C&M Aquatics and Mark Palmer of Greenland Engineering have partnered to develop a Canadian island production capability. They are concurrently researching thermal impacts of islands. In this application islands may represent a means by which to mediate temperature increases associated with ponding of otherwise cold, trout water. This team is also quantifying biodiversity associated with floating islands. The nonwoven matrix island composition enhances for a wide range of beneficial macro-invertebrate colonization. Palmer's organization launched islands in the Lake Simcoe watershed basin north of Toronto four years ago, and these islands are perennializing. As another benefit beyond water quality enhancement, this represents strategic long-term carbon and nutrient sequestration.
Owen Mills of the Oklahoma Water Resources Board based in Oklahoma City, has developed a proposal to use floating islands as a strategy by which to begin the process of slowing down eutrophication of a large reservoir in Oklahoma. The reservoir currently is impacted by nutrient surges associated with chicken farms. The reservoir has been an exceptional largemouth bass fishery and is in fact a fishing tournament site. With over 5000 homes and cabins on the reservoir the vision is to strategically incorporate floating islands and their wetland effect at nutrient inflow sites and elsewhere to take advantage of natural circulation. A single 250 square foot, eight-inch thick island provides over an acre's worth of wetland surface area. Every bite out of the elephant reduces the ultimate nutrient load. Moving nutrients on up the food chain as periphyton while minimizing oxygen-robbing phytoplankton, or algae, in combination with the oxygen-generating roots of floating island-based wetland plants means that today's deadly nutrient surges could be tomorrow's record book largemouth bass.
Elfin Cove, Alaska is a small, picturesque fishing community about 45 air minutes due west of Juneau. A floating island was tethered broadside to a passage noted for severe weather. Gordy Wrobel, mayor of Elfin Cove, tracked this island's performance, also noting that at one point the island was covered with 45 inches of snow. Buoyancy has not changed. The wetland effect works in marine conditions as well as in fresh water and represents an affordable strategy by which to sustain a healthy waterway or recover a jeopardized one. With this multiplicity of benefits, floating islands may become a standard feature in such locations. The below waterline portion of this island has been colonized by wall to wall mussels and the starfish that prey upon them. Wrobel is collaborating with Bruce Kania of Floating Island International on development of a motorized floating island, a prototype of which will be in the water and testing at FII's Shepherd, Montana facility by November of this year.
FII and American Electric Power Co. together propose a one-acre floating island for a lake located in AEP’s ReCreation Lands. ReCreation Lands is a 42,000 acre reclaimed strip mine property in Southeast Ohio that offers recreational activities including camping, fishing, hunting and equine trails free to the public. ReCreation Lands is an example of the potential in reclaimed mine land and AEP has received over 45 awards for land management and reclamation practices that go beyond what was mandated. AEP partners with various local community groups, state and local government and conservation societies to offer free outdoor education programs including special events for youth fishing and disabled hunters. This project proposes installation of a one-acre floating island on one of the lakes used for youth fishing programs. The island will be a living biological system that will strategically sequester carbon, provide critical habitat for fish and wildlife and improve water quality. In addition, the floating island will be a platform and a model for off-the-grid electricity and will advance environmental research in the areas of ecology, water quality, carbon sequestration and the use of renewable energy. These vast environmental benefits, coupled with a location that offers established recreational and environmental education programs provides an excellent investment in the future.
Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT)
Co-founded by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the provincial government of Shandong and the municipal government of Qingdao in 2006, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology (“QIBEBT”) focuses on the research and development of bioenergy and related biological processes. Designated as one of the primary national research institutions for renewable energy, QIBEBT was established with a starting funding of 315 million RMB.
We are currently working on our first research project with their Microbial Resources Division at QIBEBT. Dr. Li Fuli heads this division and is a water treatment expert himself. The initial research project is more towards the practical local market research side, where we are trying to understand
1. Comparison between conventional wetland technology and floating wetland/island technology in China.
2. Comparison of various floating wetland/island technologies that exist in China. We'd like to find out the water/wastewater treatment capabilities on different existing technologies as well as the cost.
We are currently in discussion with QIBEBT to figure out the best way to establish a long-term research partnership.
Olifantsfontein, South Africa. DHEC (principal Bill Harding) has applied for funding to trial the efficacy of BioHavens under South African conditions. The anticipated start-date is April 2010 (start of next funding cycle, funding approvals usually in place by October [2009]).
The provisional plan will be to establish a set of "Portapools" at a willing wastewater treatment plant, equip some or all of these with pumped re-circulation (small electric pumps) and then to undertake batch-based determinations of nutrient removal from tertiary wastewater effluent - with replacement of the effluent at set intervals once we have an established and fully-functional biofilm in place. Both planted and unplanted BioHavens will be tested. The pool size shown is a 4 x 1 m example, i.e. a working volume (assume 75% full) of 9.5-10 m3.
The testing will be all outdoors, under ambient conditions, in order to assemble real-case data for uptake.
Chesapeake Bay Environmental Center (CBEC), Grasonville, MD
In 2004, Governor Ehrlich designated CBEC as Maryland’s restoration-demonstration site with the premise that federal, state, county private sector and other NGO’s utilize the site to conduct research or test restoration practices that lead to the best large scale, bay wide restoration efforts. The property has 6 x ½ acre, algae choked ponds which CBEC is now restoring. Phase I of the project involved the installation of a single 64 square foot island (donated by BlueWing) in the pond closest to the visitor’s center.
Even though there needs to be 5 times the island square footage to properly treat this pond, the director of habitat restoration for the center, Vicki Paulas, indicated a definite improvement in the aquatic community of this pond. Phase II of the project involves solicitation of grant monies and donations to provide 400 – 500 sf of islands in each of the 6 ponds on-site. The demonstration island has proved useful, as both NOAA and Maryland Department of Natural Resources habitat restoration groups have shown a great interest in the floating island wetland technology as a restoration tool. Additionally, local community HOA’s and golf courses have also visited the facility and expressed interest in the floating islands as a water quality and habitat restoration tool.
Hart-Miller Island Maryland Environmental Service, Essex, MD
The Maryland Environmental Service (MES) has completed the first phase of dredge material placement at the Hart-Miller Island (HMI) restoration project in the middle of the Chesapeake Bay near Essex, MD. The next phase includes wetland habitat restoration in and around several lagoons left within the island borders. In May 2009 a 25 square foot island was planted and launched in a freshwater lagoon at the site to determine its effectiveness and abilities to withstand harsh wind and water conditions.
The trial period will be for one growing season (May – October). Initial reactions from MES are favorable with the plants surviving without any soil on the island and there is little to no chance of the plant material washing away from wind and wave action. Once the trial has passed and the data evaluated, the MES will likely utilize the floating wetland technology on a large scale to re-create emergent wetland habitats in and around the restored island.
Bayou Savage Project sponsored Bayou Land Resource Conservation and Development Council, U.S. Fish &
Wildlife, the City of New Orleans, and Floating Island Environmental Solutions
This research project is designed to evaluate floating island technology to stabilize and enhance an eroding brackish marsh shoreline prone to the ravages of moderate to high wave energies. Bayou Sauvage is the nation’s largest urban national wildlife refuge and this marsh habitat is critical to the preservation and integrity of the refuge. 900 linear feet of BioHaven® Floating Islands will be monitored for evaluation of plant establishment & persistence, Island performance, and shoreline stabilization. The project evaluation will be conducted quarterly for a period of 24 months. The islands were installed on August 20th, 2009.
Back Creek Reserve
The City of Annapolis wishes to create a floating walkway and emergent floating wetland made of rectangular BioHaven© Floating Island wetland modules. The city has received approval to include oyster culture as part of the education center at the Back Creek Nature Park. Due to concerns with the negative impact of water quality on the oysters, the city is using Floating Treatment Wetlands (BioHavens®) as potential means to improve water quality within the lagoon. This project would serve as a model for using BioHavens® at numerous sites throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The project will be implemented based on a preliminary project plan developed in conjunction with Alden Labs that was finalized in July 2009. The Back Creek project was also included in the City’s comprehensive watershed plan for all city waters and retrofit projects.
The proposed project includes the placement of 8 - 5’ X 10’ BioHaven© Floating Island wetland modules, 5 of which are set with the long axis (10 ft side) parallel to the shore and contain a “T” shaped, 4 ft wide walkway made of recycled plastic decking material on top of the island modules. The remaining island modules (3) will form a mini lagoon for the placement of 3 oyster baskets at the end of the T walkway. All modules will be joined by cables to make one cohesive unit.
This project could ultimately lead to the use and application of the floating wetland technology in other impaired waterways in the City and the Chesapeake Bay in general.
Dannon Garth
The property managers of Columbia, Maryland’s facilities and open space, the Columbia Association contacted BlueWing and ordered 3 -35 square foot islands (105 square feet total) for placement within an inline suburban stormwater management pond in one of its villages. The CA hopes that the islands demonstrate water quality and wildlife habitat improvement capabilities for its many ponds. The ponds are suffering from nutrient overloads and severe algae problems. Traditionally, these problems have been dealt with by staff hours and mechanical removal of the algae from the ponds or chemicals and herbicides. As both of these methods have cost and ecological damage consequences, the CA was looking for a more natural, aesthetically pleasing solution and found it with the BioHaven Floating Islands. They are happy with the results and have included additional funds for floating island purchases
in its 2010 budget.
Baltimore Inner Harbor National Aquarium, Baltimore, MD
The National Aquarium’s Conservation Department, along with the City of Baltimore Planning
Department are planning to use BioHaven Floating Island wetlands as a demonstration project for urban shoreline greening and wetland habitat restoration at the City’s Inner Harbor. The inner harbor waterfront was renovated in the early 1980’s to include an entirely bulk headed stabilized waterfront.
The lack of green and wetland areas has been a concern for some time and the creation of tidal wetland areas in shallower areas of the harbor has been deemed impractical due to concerns over toxic sediment disturbance. Therefore, the BioHaven Floating Island Wetlands have emerged as a viable alternative that allows the Aquarium and City to propose projects that create wetlands and allow interesting educational components through the Conservation Department.
The City and Aquarium are proposing the placement of 4 floating islands ranging in size from 322 to 403 square feet in the harbor between the Aquarium and ESPN Zone at Pier 5. The location is a highly visible location with a pedestrian access bridge splitting the island formation, with 2 islands on each side of the bridge.
LSU study
To evaluate multiple-stage wastewater treatment (anaerobic-aerobic-constructed wetlands) coupled with hydroponic plant growth (Floating Islands) for nutrient and pathogen content amelioration; to compare two densities of hydroponic wastewater treatment according to their abatement efficiencies for nutrient and pathogens; and to determine and compare seasonal variability of coliforms and nutrient loads in the influent and the mitigation effectiveness of the systems.
PROJECT METHODOLOGY:
Multi-stage treatment with floating island nutrient removal. In the portion of this study now underway (09/01/2008 to 08/31/2009), we have deployed floating islands in two different densities (1/3 or 1/5 of a stage’s surface area) onto the stage chosen during the study to test the hydroponic method in dairy waste management as a way to maximize nutrient removal from wastewater treatment facilities. The selected plant species grown so far have been cool season variety plants these are Secale cereale (rye), Avena sativa (oats), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), and Silphium perfoliatum (cup plant). Note: the cup plant did not grow at all on the floating island. These plants have gone through the prescribed growing season and analysis on biomass, root growth, and nutrient content are now underway along with the corresponding water quality parameters taken during that experiment.
Summer season plants were planted this week for the same analysis and include Zea mays (corn), Sorghum bicolor (Sweet Sorghum), Sorghum bicolor (Forage Sorghum), Helianthus annuus (Sunflower), and Pennisetum glaucum (Pearl Millet).
All treatments are being analyzed with bi-weekly wastewater samples of fresh and treated wastewater. Treated wastewater is sampled at the terminal end of each lagoon and wetland and analyzed for physical-chemical characteristics and coliforms. Four growing seasons will be evaluated to reduce potential for year to year variability (this may change and be shortened so we can move onto wetland plants which I believe will give us the biggest bang for our buck). All plants are harvested at maturity to determine total biomass yield, and composite samples will be analyzed to determine nutrient uptake at the end of each growing cycle. Measurements will be reported for each density treatment. Harvested plants will be used as green fertilizer to recycle a slow-release source of nutrients and organic matter to pasture and croplands.
The Rehberg Subdivision was built on the outskirts of Billings and had an aerated lagoon waste water treatment system design to treat down to secondary standards for BOD and TSS and water was to be used to irrigate a golf course associated with the subdivision however the golf course is no longer being built. The water will have to be land applied to native prairie grasses that require significantly less nutrient. Floating Islands are going to be used to reduce the nitrogen levels in the wastewater so the water can be applied at a higher rate per sq ft or less sq ft of land.
City of Billings Stormwater
Since 2006 the City of Billings has been regulated by State’s General Permit for Storm Water Discharge Associated with Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4), an EPA Clean Water Act Program. The focus of the program is to control pollutants from entering State and Federal waterways. In 2008, the City decided to pilot a biological treatment option utilizing a floating treatment ecosystem from Headwaters Floating Island at an outfall behind the Metra Complex. The installation of the islands and the diversion structures was completed in May to treat a portion of the stormwater flow from a 173 acre commercial/light industrial zoned area. The pilot project is expected to continue for at least one year conducting water quality sampling and testing during storm and non-storm events. We are excited about the possibilities of incorporating this technology as a potential option for treating discharges into the City’s collection system and the Yellowstone River. We will be working with Lanyard Engineering during the year on test procedures and test results to evaluate the treatment capability of the floating islands.
Additional Studies
While various formal studies are measuring efficacy of BioHaven floating islands in a variety of research applications, many other real life tests and experiments are taking place in which BioHavens and their potential impact on wildlife, water quality, aesthetics, aquariums, odor control, mosquito control, fisheries enhancement, and other environmental issues are being tracked.
While most of these are not formal studies, they frequently represent the cutting edge of new and exciting potential bioremediation. Following is a list of several of these developments:
1. The city of Chicago launched 25 wetland embodiment BioHavens in downtown Chicago on a bend in the Chicago River. Purpose of this launch was to expand green space in an urban setting. Some species of the wetland plants positioned on these islands, which range in size from 15 to 250 square feet, have been having difficulty establishing due to overuse by waterfowl, shorebirds, and large turtles.
2. A proposal to cover up to 3.5 miles of the New River, in Calexico, California, has been presented to the New River Authority. Purpose of the islands is to initiate the bioremediation of one of the most polluted waterways on the planet. Extreme and noxious odors are currently associated with this waterway, which ultimately flows into the Salton Sea, a large and critical waterfowl habitat.
3. The Salish/Kootenai Indian Nation, based in western Montana, is testing 25 square foot BioHavens as loon nesting sites.
4. The U.S. Forest service is testing 25 square foot BioHavens, also for loon nesting.
5. A wetland specialist based out of Driggs, Idaho, is collaborating on design for a 45 square foot BioHaven as Trumpeter Swan nesting habitat.
6. Delta Waterfowl, as part of an extended formal study, is expanding its testing of BioHavens. Head researcher, Dr. Frank Rohrer, has noted that the islands are being used extensively as brooding and roosting platforms.
7. The Citizens for Conservation, a non-profit organization based outside of Chicago, has launched 64 islands in wetland settings. They have documented excellent adaptation by wetland wildlife species, including sandhill cranes.
8. Kauri Park Wetland Nursery, North Island, New Zealand, has initiated market testing of BioHavens in New Zealand. Kauri Park is in collaboration with New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, which has been conducting research with BioHavens over the last year.
9. The Georgia Fish and Game launched a 150 square foot wetland BioHaven in proximity to a boat launch and fishing access site in 2007. The island grew up well and functioned as a fish attractant. However, this island split as a result of wave action. The island is under warranty and on site repairs are happening currently. In the meantime, a design modification had already taken place. To date, with over 1,400 islands in the water, Floating Island International has experienced two warranty claims.
10. A researcher at Texas A&M has initiated study related to native terrestrial plant adaptation to the BioHaven floating wetland habitat. Professor Liz Smith is comparing planting success on BioHavens compared to land based islands in regional waterways.
11. Whitewater Associates of Crystal Falls, Michigan, continues to track loon nesting success associated with BioHavens. In year one of the study four 36 square foot islands were launched on lakes with no history of loon nesting. Two of the BioHavens were chosen as nest sites during year one. In year two, three of the BioHavens are being used as nest sites. No word yet on nest success.
12. The City of Helena, Montana, Municipal Sewage Treatment facility is coordinating a pilot project aimed at phosphorous sequestration. Helena hopes to find a way to grow a solution towards compliance with new water quality standards.
13. A study titled "Tracking of gender change in freshwater crawfish associated with hypoxic conditions" is currently underway at our research facility in Shepherd, Montana.
14. A new three acre wetland combined with a 4.5 acre pond, with underwater viewing capability, is being completed at the Shepherd Research facility. A team of scientist is assisting in the design of this unique test platform.
15. Palatability of various plant roots in place on BioHavens is being measured at the Shepherd Research facility.
16. Extensive and formal independent, third party efficacy measurements relative to nutrient uptake of BioHavens have moved to field testing. This work is taking place in Montana, headed up by Stewart Engineering.
17. A range of islands have been sold in the Montreal area for waterscape and habitat application.
18. A range of islands have been tested in southwest Australia. These islands are planted with native species, and to date waterfowl usage has been extensive.
19. Numerous distributors and dealers are marketing and launching islands across the U.S. BioHavens have also been launched in New Zealand, Canada, Australia, England, and France.
20. Initial consultations are underway with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers related to use of BioHavens in a wide range of applications, including habitat restoration, wave mediation, water quality enhancement, fisheries enhancement, especially related to adjustable fish spawning habitat.
For additional details on these and other Floating Island International projects and studies, please contact our front office at 1-800-450-1088.
Additional projects contracted by FII.
Optimized Method for Establishing Lush Islands from Seeded Blanks
Meghan Mutch, Aquatic Design and Construction
Alternatives for Self-Compensating Buoyancy System
Frank Stewart
Research and compile bibliography for Floating Island project
Frank Stewart
Bass article summaries
Frank Stewart
Floating Island Data Gravimetric Investigation
Dean B. Premo
Literature Relating to Phosphorus Removal by Emergent and Aquatic Plants
A Report Prepared for Fountainhead January, 2004 by Chet Van Duzer
Freeze / Thaw Testing of a Pillow-Type Floating Island
Frank Stewart
Report of Potentially Useful Geotextile and Netting Materials for FFI
Frank Stewart
Characteristics of Grow-Tech-like materials
Frank Stewart
International Marine Floatation Systems Inc
Sarah Davies
Nutrient removal report
Frank Stewart
Nutrient Technical Report-Summary of Algae Control Methods for Ponds
Frank Stewart
PCB Information Summary
Frank Stewart
Phosphorus Phytoremediation Review
Frank Stewart
Formula for Calculating Root Buoyancy
Frank Stewart
Growing Terrestrially Based Plants in an Aquatic Environment
Westscape Nursery
Plant Candidates for Floating Island Nutrient Removal Experiments
Whitewater Associates
Preliminary Feasibility Report: Use of FFI Floating Islands as Wave Barriers for Coastal Applications
Frank Stewart
Removing Algae from Water by Flocculation and Filtration
Bob Sanks
Characteristics of Acrylic as Related to Fabricating Underwater Windows
Frank Stewart
Report on Gypsum as a Potential Stream Clarifier
Frank Stewart
Mycorrhizia and Floating Islands
Westscape Nursery
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